Biology is to life as anthropology is to what?

The analogy in the question requires a relationship where the first term is a field of study, and the second term is what that field primarily focuses on. Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing various organisms and their interactions. Similarly, anthropology is the study of humans, including their cultures, societies, and development.

By identifying anthropology's focus on "man" (which here extends to human beings more generally), you see that the relationship mirrors that of biology to life. Other fields mentioned in the options do not share a similar direct connection with anthropology. For instance, insects relate to entomology, pathology pertains to diseases rather than human culture, and ornithology is the study of birds. These do not establish the same foundational link as anthropology does with its focus on humans. Thus, the connection of anthropology to "man" aligns perfectly, making it the correct choice.